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DYSMENORRHEA INTRODUCTION From time immemorial, the days of menstruation, for many a woman, are misery. These women who are suffering as result of menstruation, suffer from a condition known as dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea refers to the syndrome of painful menstruation. The word, ‘dysmenorrhea,’ is derived from Greek word that means difficult monthly flow, otherwise known as painful menstruation. Although it’s not life threatening, dysmenorrhea can be debilitating and psychologically tasking for many women. Definition Dysmenorrhea refers to the pain or discomfort associated with menstruation . Although not a serious medical problem, the term describes a woman adolescent girl with menstrual symptoms severe enough to keep her from functioning for a day or two each month. Description Menstrual cramps are Primary dysmenorrhea usually presents during adolescence , Affected young women experience sharp, intermittent spasms of pain, usually centered in the suprapubic area. Pain ma...

. Perniciousanemia  is an autoimmune disorder in which the body fails to make enough healthyred blood cells. The body requires vitamin B-12 and a type of protein calledintrinsic factor (IF) to make red blood cells. Vitamin B-12, or cobalamin, isfound in certain foods and medications. IF is a protein made by  the stomach mucus-secreting cells,called parietal cells. When vitamin B-12 enters the body, it binds with IF. Thetwo are then absorbed in the last part of the small intestine. In the majorityof cases of PA, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the stomach’smucosal cells. IF can no longer be made, and vitamin B-12 cannot be absorbed Ina healthy immune system, antibodies are responsible for finding bacteria orviruses. They then mark the invading germs for destruction. In an autoimmunedisease, such as PA, the body’s antibodies stop distinguishing between diseaseand healthy tissue. In this case, they demolish the cells making IF. VitaminB-12 defic...